Henry F. Mayland, USDA-ARS, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341.5076
A diurnal pattern of Photosynthetic Energy is received by forage canopies. In plants, this energy plus water plus carbon dioxide produces simple sugars (TNC) like glucose, sucrose, and fructose in green plants. These sugars effect herbivore preference, intake, and production. Significant increases in milk production have been measured when cows are fed TMRs containing afternoon-cut vs. morning-cut alfalfa hay or haylage. Producers have realized greater weight gains in beef on 24-h strip grazed pastures when the fence is moved each afternoon rather than each morning. Producers who top dress the bunker-delivered TMR have gone to chopping the forage in the afternoon vs. morning to benefit from the additional soluble carbohydrates. Nitrate and TNC are metabolized by the plant to form protein. A grazier attempting to use a highly fertilized pasture found that his animals were experiencing nitrate toxicity when grazing in morning, but not when grazing in afternoon. In Japan, many farmers harvest their garden produce in early morning and take it into the city to sell at farmer markets. Early arrivals command the choice locations. One coop learned that afternoon vs morning harvested leafy vegetables had higher concentrations of sugars and vitamin C. They advertised these traits for their produce, converted to afternoon harvesting, transported to market in very early morning, and secured their stalls in the prime spots. These are examples of how producers can adapt the diurnal cycling of forage quality to their advantage.